![]() ![]() Hooked Bow refers to pair of notes marked with a slur and an articulation (staccato/tenuto/accent) on the second note, commonly seen in pairs of "long-short" notes in dotted rhythm or compound time. Violinists typically choose to play with this bow stroke by the context of the music, and not solely by the notation on printed music. A Martelé bow-stroke starts with a "bite" and followed by a quick release, creating an accented note. As mentioned earlier, notes to be played Martelé may be marked with Staccato as well. The Ricochet usually ends with a note in the opposite direction. It requires slapping or throwing the bow in the upper middle part, onto the strings and setting off a series of natural bounces. ![]() Ricochet, on the other hand, is usually played on the down-bow. A good example of Flying Spiccato is found in Paganini’s Caprice No.10. Flying Spiccato implies a series of Spiccato notes played in the same bowing direction, commonly on the up-bow. The bow has to be first placed in contact with the string and therefore it is different from Spiccato where the bow drops onto the string and bounce. In Collé, which means "glued" in French, the bow is first pressed onto the string and then lifted off the string with a quick action from the fingers, producing a "click" at the start of a note. Galamian differentiated these two as “Solid Staccato” and “Flying Staccato” in his Principles of Violin Playing and Teaching. These notes can be played firmly on the string or allowed to come off the string with a little Collé (see below) action. SautilléĪ Slurred Staccato of two or more notes means playing the notes in the same bowing direction, but with space in between each note. Playing closer to the frog can produce a heavier and louder sound while playing closer to the middle produces a lighter and softer tone. The part of the bow used for Spiccato also varies according to the sound we want. A steep angle where the bow drops almost vertically would produce a short and spiky note, whereas if we flatten the angle, we can get a rounder sound. The movements of the bow when playing repeated Spiccato notes would look like the letter "V" for a very spiky sound, or letter "U" (or the shape of a saucer) for a more gentle and rounded sound. For Spiccato at a slower pace, we allow the bow to rebound higher, and in a faster passage, we reduce the height of the bounce to keep up with the tempo. To be able to perform a good Spiccato, there are a few things to consider. After the rebound, the player may continue with another Spiccato in the opposite direction by dropping the bow again. To play Spiccato, a player will drop the bow onto the string and let it rebound until the bow hair leave the string. Spiccato is a bowing technique where the bow is bouncing on the string. Usually when playing these detached notes in Baroque music, the bow hair does not leave the string entirely but rather "lightening" towards the end of the bow-stroke. However, some editors would add to the score Staccato markings that were not there in the original manuscripts. In Baroque music (and some Classical-period music), certain notes in the fast (and sometimes slow) movements are to be played detached even when they are not marked with Staccato. When two or more Staccato notes are slurred, we have to decide if it is a Slurred Staccato, Flying Spiccato, Ricochet, or something else. Things get more complicated when there are slurs involved. If it involves dotted rhythm, it may also be suggesting Hooked Bow. Staccato is sometimes marked on notes to be played with Martelé as well. In most classical repertoire, a running passage of Staccato notes often means some sort of bouncing bow-strokes (e.g., Spiccato or Sautillé). However, this does not fully describe the articulation. Technically, when there is a note marked with Staccato, we can make it shorter by playing only half of the note value. The decision we make must reflect the style of the music and the composers’ intentions. When violinists see Staccato in printed music, we need to determine what technique to employ on these notes. Staccato itself is not exactly a type of bowing technique. ![]() The opposite of Staccato is Legato, which means smooth. Staccato can also be used as a term to describe the overall articulation of a passage or a piece. Notes to be played with Staccato are simply notated with a dot above or below. Staccato is a musical term for notes that are played short and detached.
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